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\n\u6211\u76842015\u5e74\u5ea6\u8ba1\u5212\uff1a\u6bcf\u6708\u4e00\u672c\u82f1\u6587\u4e66\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7b2c12\u548c13\u672c\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u8d85\u989d\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u8bfb\u4e66–\u9009\u4e66–\u5145\u5b9e\u611f\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u611f–\u8bfb\u4e66\u4e60\u60ef\u5df2\u517b\u6210\u3002\uff08\u7b2c12\u672c\u53ebthe power of habit).<\/p>\n
\u672c\u4e66\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5927\u5e08\u63a8\u8350\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u8350\u4e66\u7ed9\u4f60\uff0c\u8981\u611f\u6069\u3002\u6ca1\u4eba\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u8bdd\u5c31\u81ea\u5df1\u53bb\u627e\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u662f\u63a5\u6536\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u6d77\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u7504\u9009\uff0c\u9274\u522b\uff0c\u5438\u6536\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u3002\u5fae\u535a\u4e0a\u8bfb\u5230\u4e86\u597d\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c31\u8be5\u7559\u4e2a\u5fc3\u773c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5199\u7684\u8fd9\u4e48\u597d\uff0c\u7280\u5229\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u600e\u4e48\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u4e86\u8c01\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e66\uff0c\u6211\u53bb\u54ea\u91cc\u627e\u3002\u3002\u3002\u627e\u4e66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fde\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u53ea\u7b49\u522b\u4eba\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u672a\u514d\u592a\u88ab\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
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1.The tricky thing about this process, though, is that it\u2019s not actually the stress itself that messes us up. It\u2019s the body\u2019s reaction to he stress. <\/p>\n
2.The part of the brain most affected by early stress is the prefrontal cortex, which is critical in self-regulatory activities of all kinds, both emotional and cognitive. As a result, children who grow up in stressful environments generally find it harder to concentrate, harder to sit still, harder to rebound from disappointments, and harder to follow directions. And that has a direct effect on their performance in school.
\n\u65e9\u671f\u538b\u529b\u5bf9\u5927\u8111\u4e3b\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u662f\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u5c42\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u638c\u7ba1\u7740\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6210\u957f\u4e8e\u538b\u529b\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5f80\u5f80\u8f83\u96be\u96c6\u4e2d\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\uff0c\u5750\u76f4\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u5931\u671b\u4e0d\u6613\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u542c\u4ece\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n
3.Sometimes stress is just too much for me to bear. <\/p>\n
4.Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University, has analyzed two separate neurological systems that develop in childhood and early adulthood that together have a profound effect on the lives of adolscents. The problem is, these two systems are not well aligned. The first, called the incentive processing system, makes you more sensation seeking, more emotionally reactive, more attentive to social information. The second, called the cognitive control system, allows you to regulate all those urges. The reason the teenage years have always been such a perilous time, Steinber says, is that the incentive processing system reaches it full power in early adolescence while the cognitive control system doesn\u2019t finish maturing until you\u2019re in your twenties. So for a few wild years, we are all madly processing incentives without a corresponding control system to keep our behavior in check.
\n\u9752\u6625\u671f\u4e24\u79cd\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u523a\u6fc0\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf \u523a\u6fc0\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u6700\u5927\u503c\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\u5374\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u5bfc\u81f4\u9752\u6625\u671f\u79cd\u79cd\u75af\u72c2\u884c\u4e3a<\/p>\n
5.We now know that early stress and adversity can literally get under a child\u2019s skin, where it can cause damage that lasts a lifetime. But there is also some positive news in this research. It turns out that there is a particularly effective antidote to the ill effects of early stress, and it comes not from pharmaceutical companies or early-childhood educators but from parents. Parents and other caregivers who are able to form close, nurturing relationships with their children an foster resilience in them that protects them from many of the worst effects of a harsh early environment. This message can sound a bit warm and fuzzy, but it is rooted in cold, hard science. The effect of good parenting is not just emotional or psychological, the neuroscientists say; it is biochemical.
\n\u65e9\u671f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u538b\u529b\u548c\u56f0\u5883\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u7236\u6bcd\u80fd\u4e0e\u5b69\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u517b\u80b2\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u5b69\u5b50\u7684resilience(\u9047\u5230\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\u590d\u539f\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
6.Even if you can\u2019t always take away bad housing or bad schooling, you can build in the parent an inner strength and resilience, so they can be the best parent they can be. <\/p>\n
7.As the dropout reports rolled in, not just from the first KIPP class but from the second and third too, Levin noticed something curious: the students who persisted in college were not necessarily the ones who had excelled academically at KIPP. Instead, they seemed to be the ones who possessed certain other gifts, skills like optimism and resilience and social agility. They were the students who were able to recover from bad grades and resolve to do better next time; who could bounce back from unhappy breakups or fights with their parents; who could persuade professors to give them extra help after class; who could resist the urge to go out to the movies and instead stay home and study.
\n\u80fd\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u575a\u6301\u8bfb\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5728KIPP\u65f6\u6210\u7ee9\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\uff1a\u4e50\u89c2\uff0c\u575a\u97e7\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u5904\u4e16\u7075\u6d3b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u5feb\u4ece\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u5e76\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e0b\u6b21\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4e0e\u604b\u4eba\u5206\u624b\u6216\u4e0e\u7236\u6bcd\u5435\u67b6\u540e\u4e5f\u80fd\u8fc5\u901f\u5e73\u590d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u670d\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u8bfe\u540e\u7ed9\u4e88\u989d\u5916\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6291\u5236\u4f4f\u51fa\u53bb\u770b\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u8001\u5b9e\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n
8.When it comes to teaching character, Levin and Feinberg found no equivalent mentor. The absence of any established structure for teaching character, or even talking about it, meant that each year, the discussions at KIPP schools would start from scratch, with teachers and administrators debating anew which values and behaviors they were trying to nurture in their students, and why, and how.<\/p>\n
9.The book Learned optimism by Martin Seligman is the founding text of the movement, teaching that optimism is a learnable skill, not an inborn trait. Pessimistic adults and children can train themselves to be more hopeful, Seligman says, and if they do, they will likely become happier, healthier, and more successful. In learned optimism, Seligman wrote that for most people, depression was not an illness, as most psychologists believed, but simply a severe low mood that occurred when we harbor pessimistic beliefs about the causes of our setbacks. If you want to avoid depression and improve your life, Seligman counseled, you need to refashion our explanatory style, to create for yourself a better story about why good and bad things happen to you.
\nMartin Seligman\u5199\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bf4\u5230\uff0c\u4e50\u89c2\u5e76\u975e\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u8bad\u7ec3\u6210\u66f4\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u505a\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u66f4\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c \u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u66f4\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u6291\u90c1\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u7740\u60b2\u89c2\u60f3\u6cd5\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\u843d\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u907f\u514d\u6291\u90c1\u6539\u5584\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u91cd\u5851\u8be0\u91ca\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5bf9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4f60\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u7f16\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n
10.Pessimists, Seligman wrote, tend to react to negative events by explaining them as permanent, personal, and pervasive. ( the three P\u2019s). Failed a test? It\u2019s not because you didn\u2019t prepared well; it\u2019s because you\u2019re stupid. If you get turned down for a date, there\u2019s no point in asking someone else; you\u2019re simply unlovable. Optimists, by contrast, look for specific, limited, short-term explanations for bad events, and as a result, in the face of a setback, they\u2019re more likely to pick themselves up and try again.
\n\u60b2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5bf9\u5f85\u8d1f\u9762\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u8be0\u91ca\u4e3a\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u3002\u8003\u8bd5\u4e0d\u53ca\u683c\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u6ca1\u51c6\u5907\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u7b28\u3002\u7ea6\u4f1a\u88ab\u62d2\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u7ea6\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u6ca1\u4eba\u7231\u3002\u53cd\u89c2\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5012\u9709\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u632f\u4f5c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u518d\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
11.Like Levin. Randolph has pondered throughout his career as an educator the question of whether and how schools should impart good character. It has often felt like a lonely request.
\n12.What the labor market does value is the kind of internal motivation required to try hard on a test even when there is no external reward for doing well.
\n\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u5956\u52b1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
13 14\u662fgrit\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u7a0b
\n13.After publishing her groundbreaking self-control vs IQ study in Psychological Science in 2005, Duckworth began to sense that self-control wasn\u2019t precisely the driver of success that she was looking for. She considered her own career. She was, by objective measures, very intelligent, and she recognized that she had high levels of self-discipline: she got u early; she worked hard; she met deadlines; she made it to the gym on a regular basis. And though she was certainly successful–very few doctoral students have their first-year these published in a prestigious journal like Psychological Science–her peripatetic early career was much less directed than that of, say, David Levin, who had found his life\u2019s calling at 22 and had persisted at the same goal ever since, overcoming many obstacles and creating,with Michael Feinberg, a successful network of charter schools educating thousands of students. Duckworth felt that Levin, who was about her age, possessed some trait that she did not: a passionate commitment to a single mission and an unswering dedication to achieve that mission. She decided she needed to name this quality, and she chose the word GRIT.<\/p>\n
14.Working with Chris Peterson, Seligman\u2019s coauthor on Character Strengths and Virtues, Duckworth developed a test to measure grit, which she called the Grit Scale. It is a deceptively simple test, just 12 brief statements on which respondents must evaluate themselves, including \u201c New ideas and projects sometimes distract me from previous ones\u201d; \u201csetbacks don\u2019t discourage me\u201d; \u201cI\u2019m a hard worker\u201d\u2019 and \u201cI finish whatever I begin.\u201d for each students, respondents score themselves on a five-point scale, ranging from 5, \u201cvery much like me,\u201d to 1, \u201cnot like me at all\u201d. The test takes about 3 minutes to complete, and it relies entirely on self-report—and yet when Duckworth and peterson took it out into the field, they found it was remarkably predictive of success. Grit is only faintly related to IQ–there are smart gritty people and dumb gritty people–but at Penn, high grit scores allowed students who had entered college with relatively low college-board scores to nonetheless achieve high GPAs. <\/p>\n
15.Levin and Randolph asked Peterson if he could narrow the list down to a more manageable handful, and Peterson identified a set of strengths that were, according to his research, especially likely to predict life satisfaction and high achievement. After a few small adjustments, they settled on a final list of seven: grit; self-control; zest; social intelligence; gratitude; optimism; curiosity.<\/strong><\/p>\n 16.Overindulging kids, with the intention of giving them everything and being loving, but at the expense of their character–that\u2019s huge in our population. <\/p>\n 17.The deeper success that Seligman and Peterson hold up up as the ultimate product of good character: a happy, meaningful, productive life. Randolph wants his students to succeed, of course—it\u2019s just that he believes that in order for them to do so, they first need to learn how to fail. <\/p>\n 18.At KIPP, we\u2019ve always said that character is just as important as academics. We think that even if your children have the academic skills they need–and we\u2019re doing our best to make sure they do–if our young adults grow up and they don\u2019t also have strong character skills, then they don\u2019t have very much. Because we know that character is what keeps people happy and successful and fulfilled. <\/p>\n 19.SLANT stands for sit up, listen, ask questions, nod, and track the speaker with your eyes. <\/p>\n 20.Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, involves using the conscious mind to recognize negative or self-destructive thoughts or interpretations and to (sometimes literally) talk yourself into a better perspective. The kids who succeed at KIPP are the ones who can CBT themselves in the moment. As he saw it, part of the job for him and the other KIPP teachers was giving their students the tools to do that. All kids this age are having mini-implosions every day. I mean, it\u2019s middle school, the worst years of their lives. But the kids who make it are the ones who can tell themselves, \u201cI can rise above this little situation. I\u2019m okay. Tomorrow is a new day.\u201d \uff08\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\uff09 22.But Angela Duckworth believes that thinking and talking about character isn\u2019t enough, especially for adolescents. It\u2019s one thing to know abstractly that you need to improve your grit or your zest or your self-control. It\u2019s another thing to actually have the tools to do so. This is the flip side of the distinction Duckworth draws between motivation and volition, or willpower. Just as a strong will doesn\u2019t help much if a student isn\u2019t motivated to succeed, so motivation alone is insufficient without the volitional fortitude to follow through on goals. 23.Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions, or MCII, was developed by NYU psychologist Gabriele Oettingen and her colleagues. Oettingen discovered in her research that people tend to use 3 strategies when they are setting goals and that two of those strategies don\u2019t work very well. Optimists favor indulging, which means imagining the future they\u2019d like to achieve (for a middle-school student, that might mean getting an A in math next year.) and vividly envisioning all the good things that will go along with it—the praise, the self-satisfaction, the future success. Oettingen found that indulging feels really good when you are doing it–it can trigger a nice dopamine surge—but it doesn\u2019t correlate at all with actual achievement. 24.Pessimists tend to use a strategy Oettingen calls dwelling, which involves thinking about all the things that will get in the way of their accomplishing their goals. If our prototypical middle-school student hoping for an A in math was a dweller, he might think about how he never finishes his homework, and there\u2019s never anywhere quiet for him to study anyway, and besides, he always gets distracted in class. Unsurprisingly, dwelling doesn\u2019t correlate well with achievement either. 26.The third method is called mental contrasting, and it combines elements of the other two methods. It means concentrating on a positive outcome and simultaneously concentrating on the obstacles in the way. Doing both at the same time, Duckwork an Oettingen wrote in a recent paper, \u201c creates a strong association between future and reality that signals the need to overcome the obstacles in order to attain the desired future.\u201d the next step to a successful outcome, according to Oettingen, is creating a series of \u201cimplementation intentions\u201d–specific plans in the form of if\/then statements that link the obstacles with ways to overcome them, such as \u201c if I get distracted by TV after school, then I will wait to watch TV until after I finish y homework.\u201d Oettingen has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCII in a variety of experiments: the strategy has helped dieters eat more fruits and vegetables, high-school juniors prepare more diligently for the practice SAT, and chronic-back-pain patients gain more mobility. 27.Just fantasizing about doing your math homework every day next semester–that feels really good right then\uff0c\u201dDuckworth explained to the KIPP teachers in her workshop. \u201cbut you don\u2019t go out and do anything. When I go into a lot of school, I see posters that say \u201cdream it and you can achieve it\u201d but we need to get away from positive fantasizing about how we\u2019re all going to grow up to be rich and famous, and start thinking about the obstacles that now stand in the way of getting to where we want to be.\u201d \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u603b\u662f\u5e7b\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u540e\u591a\u4e48\u5bcc\u6709\uff0c\u591a\u6709\u540d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5f00\u59cb\u60f3\u8c61\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n 28.What MCII amounts to is a way to set rules for yourself. When you\u2019re making rules for yourself, you\u2019re enlisting the prefrontal cortex as your partner against the more reflexive, appetite-driven parts of your brains. Rules, are not the same as willpower. They are a metacognitive substitute for willpower. By making yourself a rule \uff08I never eat fried dumpling\u201d), you can sidestep the painful internal conflict between your desire for fried foods and your willful determination to resist them. Rules, provide structure, preparing us for encounters with tempting stimuli and redirecting our attention elsewhere. Before long, the rules have become as automatic as the appetites they are deflecting. 29.When Duckworth talks about character, as she did that day at the KIPP workshop, she often cites William James, the american philosopher and psychologist, who wrote that the traits we call virtues are no more and no less than simple habits. \u201chabit and character are essentially the same thing,\u201d Duckworth explained to the KIPP teachers. \u201cit\u2019s not like some kids are good and some kids are bad. Some kids have good habits and some kids have bad habits. Kids understand it when you put it that way, because they know habits might be hard to change, but they\u2019re not impossible to change. William James says our nervous systems are like a sheet of paper. You fold it over and over and over again, and pretty soon it has a crease. And I think that\u2019s what you at KIPP are doing. When your students leave KIPP, you want to make sure they have the kind of creases that will lead them to success later on. 30.Cognitive flexibility is the ability to see alternative solutions to problems, to think outside the box, to negotiate unfamiliar situations. Cognitive self-control is the ability to inhibit and instinctive or habitual response and substitute a more effective, less obvious one. Both skills are central to the training Spiegel gives to her students. To prevail at chess, you need a hightened abilility to see new and different ideas\uff1a which potentially lethal move of your opponent\u2019s are you blindly ignoring? She also teaches them to resist the temptation to pursue an immediately attractive move, since that type of move often leads to trouble down the road. \u201cteaching chess is really about teaching the habits that go along with thinking. Like how to understand your mistakes and how to be more aware of your thought processes.\u201d 31.\u201cit\u2019s uncomfortable to focus so intensely on what you\u2019re bad at,\u201d \u201cso the way people usually study chess is they read a book about chess, which can be fun and often intellectually amusing, but it doesn\u2019t actually translate into skill. If you really want to get better at chess, you have to look at your games and figure out what you\u2019re doing wrong.\u201d 33.Everything i do for years comes down to how well we do here. <\/p>\n 34.The best way to improve your chess is to play against the best, even if they take you apart. 35.It may be difficult for an outsider to fully comprehend the allure of chess mastery.<\/p>\n 36.Confirmation bias: it feels much better to find evidence that confirms what you believe to be true than to find evidence that falsifies what you believe to be true. Why go out in search of disappointment? 37.She sometimes talked about her past like it was a stain on her record that she would never be able to erase. <\/p>\n 38.She had decided to quit beating herself up about the mistakes she made in her freshman year too. <\/p>\n 39.Dominic Randolph, the head of the Riverdale Country School, who made a persuasive case that failure–or at least the real risk of failure–could often be a crucial step on the road to success. <\/p>\n 40.The idea of building grit and building self-control is that you get that through failure. And in most highly academic environments in the US, no one fails anythings. 41.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. Steve Jobs 42.Should I do something I\u2019m good at or something I love? Take a chance or play it safe? 43.As all parents do, between our urge to provide everything for our child, to protect him from all harm, and our knowledge that if we really want him to succeed, we need to first let him fail. Or more precisely, we need to help him learn to manage failure. Our job is not to prevent them from failing; it\u2019s to teach them how to learn from each failure, how to stare at their failures with unblinking honesty, how to confront exactly why they had messed up. If they could do that, they would do better next time. <\/p>\n 44.A reliable, replicable model \u53ef\u9760\u7684\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n 45.James and Keitha and Kewarna are all working far harder than I ever did as a teenager to remake themselves and improve their lives. And every day they pull themselves up one more rung on the ladder to a more successful future. But for the rest of us, it\u2019s not enough to just applaud their efforts and hope that someday, more young people follow their lead. They did not get onto that ladder alone. They are there only because someone helped them take the first step. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u6211\u76842015\u5e74\u5ea6\u8ba1\u5212\uff1a\u6bcf\u6708\u4e00\u672c\u82f1\u6587\u4e66\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7b2c12\u548c13\u672c\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u8d85\u989d\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u8bfb\u4e66 … \u9605\u8bfb\u66f4\u591a<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-collect"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8971"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8971\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u7597\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5229\u7528\u610f\u8bc6\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u8d1f\u9762\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8bf4\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5728KIPP\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5f53\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211CBT\u7597\u6cd5\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8fd9\u6837\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u80fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7ad9\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u660e\u5929\u53c8\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u3002\uff08Laura\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u7597\u6cd5\uff0cand it works)<\/p>\n
\n21.Cognitive-behavior therapy is just one example of what psychologists call metacognition, an umbrella term that means, broadly, thinking about thinking. And one way to look at the character report card is as a giant metacognitive strategy. One of the things that first appealed to David Levin about Learned Optimism, in fact, was Martin Seligman\u2019s assertion that the most fruitful time to transform pessimistic children into optimistic ones was \u201cbefore puberty, but late enough in childhood so that they are metacognitive (capable of thinking about thinking)\u201d–in other words, right around when students arrived at a KIPP middle school. Talking about character, thinking about character, evaluating character: these are all metacognitive process.
\n\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u7597\u6cd5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u601d\u8003\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\uff08\u6307\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5,\u6211\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u7684\uff09
\n\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u628a\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6700\u6210\u719f\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u662f\u9752\u6625\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7ae5\u5e74\u540e\u671f\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u4f46\u3002\u3002\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8c08\u8bba\u6027\u683c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u6765\u8bf4\u3002\u77e5\u9053\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9ad8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684grit\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u81ea\u63a7\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5374\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u4ec5\u6709\u52a8\u529b\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6709\u6bc5\u529b\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u4eba\u4eec\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u65f6\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u592a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u559c\u6b22\u6c89\u6eba\u4e8e\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u54ea\u4e9b\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u6210\u529f\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u597d\u5904–\u7f8e\u8a89\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u611f\u89c9\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u523a\u6fc0\u591a\u5df4\u80fa\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n
\n25.\u60b2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u60b2\u89c2\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u4ed4\u7ec6\u60f3\u4e00\u5207\u963b\u788d\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u6210\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u65e2\u5173\u6ce8\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e5f\u5173\u6ce8\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u672a\u6765\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u63d0\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u610f\u5411—\u4ee5\u201c\u5982\u679c\u3002\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u3002\u3002\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u628a\u56f0\u96be\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u653e\u5b66\u540e\u88ab\u7535\u89c6\u5438\u5f15\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4f1a\u7b49\u5199\u5b8c\u4f5c\u4e1a\u540e\u770b\u7535\u89c6\u201d\u3002 <\/p>\n
\nMCII\u8981\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5236\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5236\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u7684\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u5c42\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f60\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\uff0c\u548c\u4f60\u4e00\u8d77\u5bf9\u6297\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7531\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u53cd\u5c04\u9a71\u4f7f\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u610f\u5fd7\u529b\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u529b\u7684\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u5236\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u907f\u5185\u5fc3\u6e34\u671b\u548c\u575a\u5b9a\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u5e26\u6765\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9762\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bf1\u4eba\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u91cd\u65b0\u5173\u6ce8\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u89c4\u5219\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u81ea\u52a8\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/p>\n
\nWilliam James\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e60\u60ef\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u6027\u683c\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0d\u5206\u597d\u574f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u5f20\u7eb8\u3002\u4f60\u6298\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u53c8\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u7eb8\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6298\u75d5\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662fKIPP\u6240\u505a\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u5b66\u751f\u79bb\u5f00\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u786e\u4fdd\u4ed6\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u5e26\u9886\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d70\u5411\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6298\u75d5\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f39\u6027\u6307\u7684\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u5230\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8df3\u51fa\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u81ea\u63a7\u80fd\u529b\u6307\u7684\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u6291\u5236\u4f4f\u672c\u80fd\u6216\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u4e14\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u751a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002\u60f3\u5728\u8c61\u68cb\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u770b\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5426\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5bf9\u624b\u67d0\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5728\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\uff1f\u5979\u8fd8\u6559\u5b66\u751f\u62b5\u5236\u4f4f\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u53bb\u91c7\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u773c\u524d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u62db\u6570\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u4e3a\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u57cb\u4e0b\u70b8\u5f39\u3002\u6559\u8c61\u68cb\u5b9e\u9645\u662f\u5728\u6559\u601d\u8003\u548c\u601d\u8003\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u600e\u4e48\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u600e\u6837\u80fd\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\n32.It\u2019s a little like what people ideally get out of psychotherapy. You go over the mistakes you made–or the mistakes you keep making–and you try to get to the bottom of why you made them. And just like the best therapist, Spiegel tries to lead her students down a narrow and difficult path: to have them take responsibility for their mistakes and learn from them without obsessing over them or beating themselves up for them. \u201cvery rarely do kids have an experience in life of losing when it was entirely in their control. But when they lose a chess game, they know that they have no one to blame but themselves. They had everything they needed to win, and they lost. If that happens to you once, you can usually find some excuse, or just never think about it again. When it\u2019s part of your life, when it happens to you every single weekend, you have to find a way to separate yourself from your mistakes or losses. I try to teach my students that losing is something you do, not something you are.
\n\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u7597\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u4f60\u4e00\u6b21\u6b21\u56de\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\uff0cSpiegel\u5c31\u50cf\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u5b66\u751f\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u8fd9\u6761\u72ed\u7a84\u800c\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff1a \u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5438\u53d6\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba9\u9519\u8bef\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6298\u78e8\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u201c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u7ecf\u5386\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0b\u68cb\u8f93\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u660e\u767d\u4e0d\u80fd\u62b1\u6028\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u602a\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u80dc\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u8f93\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u4f60\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u4e9b\u501f\u53e3\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u53bb\u60f3\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5468\u672b\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u60f3\u529e\u6cd5\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u4ece\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u5931\u8d25\u4e2d\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u6211\u52aa\u529b\u6559\u6211\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\uff0c\u5931\u8d25\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u63d0\u9ad8\u68cb\u827a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u548c\u9ad8\u624b\u8fc7\u62db\uff0c\u4e00\u8d25\u6d82\u5730\u4e5f\u5728\u6240\u4e0d\u60dc\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u786e\u8ba4\u504f\u89c1\uff08\u504f\u5dee\uff09\uff1a\u627e\u5230\u8bc1\u636e\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8981\u6bd4\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u9519\u8bef\u611f\u89c9\u597d\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u4e3a\u5565\u81ea\u627e\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u81ea\u5bfb\u70e6\u607c\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
\n\u517b\u6210grit\u548c\u81ea\u63a7\u80fd\u529b\u5173\u952e\u8981\u80fd\u591f\u5ea6\u8fc7\u96be\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u6210\u529f\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u91cd\u62c5\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u8f7b\u677e\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3<\/p>\n
\n\u6211\u8be5\u505a\u64c5\u957f\u7684\u4e8b\u8fd8\u662f\u70ed\u7231\u7684\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u5192\u9669\u4e00\u8bd5\u8fd8\u662f\u7a33\u59a5\u524d\u8fdb\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n