{"id":9784,"date":"2015-12-15T21:51:18","date_gmt":"2015-12-15T13:51:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/?p=9784"},"modified":"2015-12-15T21:51:18","modified_gmt":"2015-12-15T13:51:18","slug":"%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e6%ad%a3%e8%bd%a8%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e5%a4%8d%e4%bd%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/?p=9784","title":{"rendered":"\u8bfb\u201c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9769\u547d\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Turning Learning Right Side Up, Putting Education Back on Track
\nRussell Ackoff, Daniel Greenberg\uff08\u6768\u5f69\u971e\u8bd1\u540d\uff1a\u7ffb\u8f6c\u5f0f\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff09
\nngg_shortcode_0_placeholder
\n\u963f\u514b\u592b\uff0c\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6c83\u987f\u5546\u5b66\u9662\u8363\u8a89\u6559\u6388\uff1b\u683c\u6797\u4f2f\u683c\uff0c\u534f\u52a9\u6210\u7acb\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u745f\u8c37\u5b66\u6821\u3002\uff08\u54e5\u5927\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u59bb\u5b50\u662f\u8be5\u6821\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u90fd\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u745f\u8c37\u5b66\u6821\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8eE-mail\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4ea4\u8c08…\u6316\u6398\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u4e00\u76f4\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u503c\u957f\u73ed\u521a\u8bfb\u5b8c\u4e00\u672c\u5f88\u89e3\u6e34\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u7b97\u4e0a\u4e4b\u524d\u548c\u4eb2\u670b\u805a\u9910\u8c08\u5f97\u6b22\u3001\u5468\u672b\u65e9\u4e0a\u7761\u5f97\u9971\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u672c\u5468\u6211\u4e4b\u4e09\u5927\u5e78\u4e8b\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u7eea\u8bba\uff1a\u4f55\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2<\/strong>
\n\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u628a\u5b66\u751f\u7075\u9b42\u4e2d\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5f15\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765……\u653e\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e9b\u90a3\u513f\u672c\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f……\u6211\u4e0d\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4fb5\u6270\u3002Muriel Spark<\/p>\n

\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9057\u4ea7\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u7ed9\u6559\u80b2\u6240\u4e0b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u4f20\u64ad\u77e5\u8bc6\u6216\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u6559\u5bfc\uff1b\u6559\u5b66\uff1b……\u6b63\u89c4\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u3002
\n\u300a\u725b\u6d25\u82f1\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u7ed9\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u66f4\u77ed\u4e00\u4e9b\uff1a\u201c\u6ecb\u517b\u6216\u517b\u80b2\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u201d
\nEducation\u7684\u8bcd\u6e90\u62c9\u4e01\u52a8\u8bcd\u201ceducere\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u9886\u51fa\u6765\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5e26\u51fa\u6765\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8bf1\u51fa\u6765\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u539f\u610f\u504f\u79bb\u5f97\u6709\u591a\u8fdc\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5524\u8d77\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5728\u6f5c\u80fd\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\uff08\u6559\u80b2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09<\/p>\n

\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6210\u957f\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5f53\u505a\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5783\u573e\u5806\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u6210\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u3002\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u65e9\u5c31\u4e0d\u6210\u957f\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6210\u957f\u662f\u4f53\u79ef\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6570\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u80fd\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53d1\u6325\u5230\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5411\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u9f13\u5439\u628a\u901a\u5e38\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5728\u6c42\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u505a\u4e8b\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u505a\u4e8b\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3001\u5bf9\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u4ee5\u53ca\u77e5\u6653\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u8fd9\u53e5\u6709\u666e\u4e16\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u624d\u4f1a\u8bb2\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 \u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u8d25\u5728\u4f55\u5904<\/strong>
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 \u6559\u4e0e\u5b66
\n\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee4\u4eba\u94a6\u4f69\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u523b\u94ed\u8bb0\u5728\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u503c\u5f97\u5b66\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6559\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002Oscar Wilde
\n\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u65bd\u6559\u4f1a\u7ed9\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u5b66\u8bc6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u5b66\u524d\u3001\u4e0a\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e4b\u540e\u6240\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e1c\u897f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6559\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u8bf5\u8bb0\u88ab\u8bef\u5f53\u6210\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u6210\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u8bfe\u5802\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\uff08\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6700\u591a\uff09\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8001\u5e08\u8981\u662f\u64c5\u957f\u70b9\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u64c5\u957f\u5b66\u800c\u975e\u6559\u3002
\n\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6559\u3002
\nOne-room schoolhouse\uff08\u5355\u5ba4\u5b66\u6821\uff09 \u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e61\u6751\u628a\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u4e00\u95f4\u6559\u5ba4\u4e0a\u8bfe\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6559\u5e08\u5411\u516d\u81f3\u516b\u5e74\u7ea7\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4f20\u6388\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002
\n\u667a\u529b\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u5b66\u4e60\u591a\u5c11\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002
\n\u65e0\u8bba\u6559\u5f97\u591a\u4e48\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b66\u4e60\u673a\u4f1a\u591a\u4e48\u96be\u5f97\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4e60\u52a8\u529b\u8005\u5b66\u4e0d\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n

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\n\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6559\u5e08–\u65e0\u8bba\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3–\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u6559\u6388\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u5b66\u751f\u968f\u610f\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u90a3\u513f\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u76f8\u5ab2\u7f8e\u3002<\/p>\n

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\n\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u78c5\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u78c5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u78c5\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u667a\u6167\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u78c5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/strong>\u4e00\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u667a\u6167\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e65536\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c4096\u76ce\u53f8\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u667a\u6167\u628a\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5fb7\u9c81\u514b\u5bf9\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u505a\u4e8b\u201d\uff08\u6548\u80fd\uff0cefficency\uff09\u548c\u201c\u505a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8b\u201d\uff08\u6548\u679c\uff0ceffectiveness\uff09\u6240\u505a\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u662d\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56de\u5fc6\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u5386\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u628a\u4e8b\u60c5\u505a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u8bc1\u5b9e\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u8574\u85cf\u7740\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u9519\u8bef\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u8bc6\u522b\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u6539\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u9519\u8bef\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8981\u6bd4\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eba\u6210\u529f\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u591a\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u6587\u65af\u57fa\u8bf4\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u751f\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u6211\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u53ca\u5bf9\u865a\u5047\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ece\u63a5\u89e6\u667a\u6167\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4e1c\u897f\u3002 Russell Ackoff<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u8bfe\u5802\u73af\u5883<\/p>\n

\u201c\u4e0a\u6e38\u6e05\u3001\u4e0b\u6e38\u7545\uff0c\u4e2d\u6e38\u624d\u6fc0\u8361\uff01\u201d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u5b59\u7ee7\u8303\u8001\u5e08<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4f5c\u5f0a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u7279\u522b\u53d7\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u9ad8\u6548\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u90e8\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002
\n\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u79e9\u5e8f\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5b69\u5b50\u63a2\u7d22\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u540c\u9f84\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u9f84\u6bb5\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u8fdb\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u6559\u5e08\u5168\u529b\u4ee5\u8d74\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u4f20\u6388\u5176\u7279\u522b\u70ed\u8877\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002
\n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0d\u51fa\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u672a\u6765\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4f30\u6216\u8861\u91cf\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba–\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5b69\u5b50\u8fd8\u662f\u6210\u4eba–\u672a\u6765\u6210\u529f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u3002
\n\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u539f\u5b50\u5bf9\u4e8e\u684c\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u662f\u684c\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u603b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5806\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5806\u91cc\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8be5\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u3002\u5265\u593a\u5b66\u751f\u9610\u660e\u3001\u5bfb\u627e\u6b64\u7c7b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6070\u5982\u5176\u5206\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8981\u6bd4\u6b63\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u540e\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u56f0\u96be\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

1968\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bde\u751f\u4e00\u6240\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u745f\u8c37\u5b66\u6821\uff08Sudbury Valley School\uff09\u62db\u65364-19\u5c81\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u662f\u54df\u9ad8\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u6b63\u5f0f\u7acb\u6848\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5b66\u4e60\u578b\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u745f\u8c37\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u76f8\u957f\u3002\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u5929\u751f\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u800c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a2\u7d22\u4ed6\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u201d\u4eff\u6548\u745f\u8c37\u5b66\u6821\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u670918\u6240\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u79d1\u76ee\u548c\u5b66\u79d1
\n\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u60c5\u80fd\u6bd4\u6b7b\u6c14\u6c89\u6c89\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u79ef\u7d2f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u4e86\u3002Henry Brooks Adams<\/p>\n

1916\u5e74\u8bfa\u601d\u00b7\u6000\u7279\u6d77 \u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u53d1\u8868\u4f1a\u957f\u6f14\u8bb2\u201c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u4e2d\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u6211\u6240\u7763\u4fc3\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u9664\u79d1\u76ee\u4e4b\u95f4\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u627c\u6740\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u8fd9\u4e00\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u4ee3\u6570–\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u51e0\u4f55–\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66–\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u5386\u53f2–\u7ed3\u679c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u4e00\u4e24\u95e8\u8bed\u8a00–\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u638c\u63e1\u4f4f\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u8ba9\u4eba\u90c1\u95f7\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6587\u5b66–\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u620f\u5267\uff0c\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u7b14\u8bb0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u60c5\u8282\u548c\u4eba\u7269\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u80fd\u8bf4\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u5217\u4ee3\u8868\u751f\u6d3b\u5417\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u6b63\u5728\u8fc7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5417\uff1f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6700\u597d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u795e\u7075\u601d\u8003\u521b\u4e16\u65f6\u5728\u8111\u6d77\u91cc\u4e00\u95ea\u800c\u8fc7\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u4f46\u5c1a\u672a\u786e\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u5b83\u62fc\u51d1\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/em>2061 plan<\/p>\n

\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u795e\u5947\u5de5\u5177\u5c31\u662f\u73a9\u800d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u65b0\u4e16\u754c
\nTrue education makes for inequality; the inequality of individuality, the inequality of success; the glorious inequality of talent, of genius; for inequality, not mediocrity, individual superiority, not standardization, is the measure of the progress of the world. E\u00b7Schelling
\n\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff1a\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u624d\u8d4b\/\u5929\u624d\u7684\u6781\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u975e\u4e2d\u5eb8\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u800c\u975e\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u624d\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4e16\u754c\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002E\u00b7\u8c22\u6797<\/p>\n

\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u671f\u671b\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u7535\u8111\u3001\u5f55\u97f3\u673a\u548c\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u5fc3\u77e5\u809a\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba8\u538c\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u65f6\u53ea\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002
\n\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u7535\u8111\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u505a\u4e0d\u4e86\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u4eec\u8fd8\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u9057\u5fd8\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
\n\u79d1\u6797\u00b7\u8c22\u91cc\uff1a\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328–\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u6d1e\u6653\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u76f4\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u7cbe\u901a\u51e0\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5438\u7eb3\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5e7f\u535a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u90fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5730\u57f9\u80b2\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5c0f\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u901a\u8fc7\u9694\u7740\u7684\u7bf1\u7b06\u8ddf\u90bb\u5c45\u804a\u804a\u5929\u5f97\u5230\u4e9b\u4e50\u8da3\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ddf\u90bb\u5c45\u8ba8\u8bba\u3001\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5df2\u5341\u5206\u538c\u5026\u63a5\u8fde\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\u65b0\u997f\u7eaa\u5143\u548c\u65b0\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u8981\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u96be\u8fa8\u8ba4\u51fa\u5b83\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5fc3\u5f97\u7eaa\u5143\u771f\u7684\u5230\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u65e7\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6b63\u4ee5\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6d88\u9000\u548c\u78e8\u635f\u3002Leslie H.Gelb<\/p>\n

\u901a\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u7403\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002
\n\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u6210\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\n\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002
\n\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u7efc\u5408\u601d\u7ef4\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u7f3a\u5e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u5206\u6790\u601d\u7ef4\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2
\n\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fdb\u6b65\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u5982\u4e0d\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u58f0\u97f3\u518d\u54cd\u4eae\u4e5f\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7455\u75b5\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u672a\u80fd\u5728\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u914d\u5408\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u675c\u5a01<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u552f\u4e00\u628a\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7edd\u7248\u3002
\nSummer hill School \u521b\u529e\u4e8e1921\u5e74\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u6750\u65bd\u6559\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u6700\u5bcc\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u8ba9\u5b66\u6821\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u751f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u521b\u529e\u4ebaA.S.Neil\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b81\u613f\u57f9\u517b\u5feb\u5feb\u4e50\u4e50\u7684\u6e05\u9053\u592b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u9020\u5c31\u795e\u7ecf\u516e\u516e\u7684\u9996\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u62b5\u5236\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u56e0\u7d20<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u8005\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u56ff\u4e8e\u5148\u8f88\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u9f13\u52b1\u90a3\u4e9b\u66f4\u5177\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u79bb\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u6559\u80b2\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f–\u6559\u80b2\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u3002\u7559\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u65f6\u65f6\u523b\u523b\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u5851\u9020\u3001\u5b9a\u578b\u4ece\u800c\u9002\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u66f4\u72ed\u9698\u548c\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002Doris Lessing<\/p>\n

\u5c0f\u73ed\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6559\u6761\u5e94\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u660e\u5e76\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u73ed\u7ea7\u5c0f\u578b\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e00\u4e01\u70b9\u513f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u73ed\u7ea7\u5927\u5c0f\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u201dM.Hoxby<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206 \u4f50\u52a9\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u56e0\u7d20<\/strong>
\n\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u53d1\u8fbe\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u73af\u5883<\/p>\n

\u6211\u6562\u4e8e\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u6700\u6709\u7528\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8282\u7ea6\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6325\u970d\u65f6\u95f4\u3002Rousseau<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u53d6\u6700\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u83b7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6700\u4f73\u8303\u4f8b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u53ef\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5174\u8da3\u4e4b\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u628a\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u65b0\u827a\u672f\u521b\u9020\u9ad8\u800c\u544a\u4e4b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u63a5\u53d7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u6587\u5316\u8d21\u732e\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u53ca\u65f6\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u505a\u51fa\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u83b7\u53d6\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4f7f\u652f\u6491\u4eba\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u5e76\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u6536\u83b7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u4f53\u5236\uff08\u5546\u4e1a\u5c42\u9762\uff09\u8fdb\u5165\u6216\u8d70\u51fa\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u627e\u5230\u5c06\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u5185\u5fc3\u53ec\u5524\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4ee5\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u628a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5174\u8da3\u53d1\u6325\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u5e0c\u671b\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u8f6c\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0 \u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u513f\u7ae5\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u9002\u5408\u5176\u5185\u5fc3\u53ec\u5524\u548c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6709\u7528\u4e4b\u624d\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u3002Samuel Richardson<\/p>\n

\u628a\u6559\u80b2\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u7ec8\u751f\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\u50cf\u662f\u6709\u70b9\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u727a\u7272\u522b\u4eba\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u8bba\u5927\u9519\u7279\u9519\uff1a\u6b63\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b–\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u6240\u6709\u4eba–\u751f\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u8fc7\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5185\u5728\u613f\u671b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u751f\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5185\u5728\u613f\u671b\u3002\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0e\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u6559\u80b2\u4e5f\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u4f1a\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u5bd3\u5c45\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u5e73\u7b49\u5e76\u975e\u6307\u5176\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u90fd\u5177\u5907\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4eba\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4eab\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u5173\u8054\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8d2b\u56f0\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u3001\u65e0\u77e5\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u6559\u80b2\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u662f\u5185\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u5176\u5916\u5728\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u8ddf\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u522b\u5904\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u524d\u8005\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4ee4\u4eba\u6109\u60a6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u60f3\u8fc7\u957f\u5b58\u3002Emerson<\/p>\n

\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u90a3\u4e9b\u8d4b\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ec8\u751f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u672c\u6027\u4e0a\u662f\u597d\u5947\u7684\u3002
\n\u6fc0\u60c5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u70ed\u60c5–\u80fd\u91cf\uff1b\u51b3\u5fc3\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u575a\u6301\u5230\u5e95\u7684\u8010\u529b\uff1b\u81ea\u4fe1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5728\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u63a7\u5236\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 \u827a\u672f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n\u5851\u9020\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4ed6\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u6027\u9519\u8bef\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c31\u8d8a\u68d2\u3002\u6559\u5e08\u628a\u5b69\u5b50\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5f04\u8d70\u7684\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u4e4f\u5473\u3001\u8d8a\u5b64\u5bc2\u3001\u8d8a\u65e0\u4e2a\u6027\u3002Franz Cizek<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u5149\u51ed\u5c01\u9762\uff08\u4e66\u540d\uff09\u5c31\u8bc4\u5224\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u597d\u574f\u3002
\n\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u522b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7279\u522b\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5370\u5ea6\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u6559\u5bfc\u5b69\u5b50\u65f6\u82e5\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5176\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5b69\u5b50\u50cf\u5173\u5728\u7b3c\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u9e66\u9e49\uff0c\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u590d\u4e3b\u4eba\u6559\u7ed9\u5b83\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bdd\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9f13\u52b1\u513f\u7ae5\u5728\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5904\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u957f\u6210\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u62b1\u8d1f\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u88ab\u4eba\u65bd\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5b66\u4e60……\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6559\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f7f\u752814\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u6709\u6559\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u3002\u5728\u68b5\u6587\u7b49\u5370\u5ea6\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u82f1\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcdto teach \u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u8bcd\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u6b63\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u65bd\u6559\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u50b2\u6162\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7406\u89e3\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n

\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206 \u6784\u60f3\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u7ec8\u751f\u6559\u80b2<\/strong>
\n\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u6784\u60f3\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\uff1a\u539f\u56e0\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u6211\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ddf\u6211\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u8c34\u8d23\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u6211\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u4f9d\u636e\u5176\u52a8\u673a\u7ed9\u6211\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u6211\u8981\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u624b\u4e0a\u8ba8\u56de\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u7ed9\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u8981\u5728\u6765\u4e16\u53d1\u51fa\u9523\u9f13\u822c\u54cd\u4eae\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\u548c\u5632\u5f04\u4e4b\u58f0\u3002Franz Kalfka<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u5b66\u9f84\u524d\u7684\u5c81\u6708
\n\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5f0f\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u9a6c\u52aa\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u5361\u5c3c\u535a\u58eb<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u5230\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u7ea7
\n\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5f97\u5230\u73cd\u60dc\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u662f\u5e38\u89c4\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u5904\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u5e94\u8be5\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u5f81\uff1a
\n\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6211\u6fc0\u52b1\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u4e3b\u52a8\u53bb\u5b66\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6e34\u671b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5b66\u4f1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e50\u4e8e\u52aa\u529b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u6750\u6599\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u8be5\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u3002\uff08\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8d1f\u8d23\uff09<\/em>
\n\u7ed9\u4e88\u6240\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u6240\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7b49\u540c\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u79d1\u76ee\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e4b\u5206\u3002<\/em>
\n\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4f30\u5f97\u5230\u8bc4\u5224\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u5305\u62ec\u5177\u6709\u5bfb\u6c42\u5916\u90e8\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/del><\/strong>
\n\u5e94\u8be5\u9f13\u52b1\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u540c\u5b66\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u53cd\u9988\u5e76\u7ed9\u540c\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4f1a\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u5b66\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u6216\u8d1f\u9762\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u5934\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\u4f1a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba9\u5916\u90e8\u6743\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6216\u5206\u7ea7\u3002\u5355\u5355\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u70b9\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u6781\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5171\u540c\u5174\u8da3\u7ec4\u5efa\u5b66\u4e60\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6839\u636e\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6216\u9884\u5148\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6700\u4f73\u4eba\u6570\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u6765\u7ec4\u5efa\u5b66\u4e60\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u9f84\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u88ab\u5206\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u73a9\u800d\u65f6\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u9f84\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d77\u5b66\u4e60\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u76ca\u5904\u3002<\/em>
\n\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u548c\u65bd\u6559\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u65bd\u6559\uff0c\u5b66\u4e0e\u6559\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u73af\u5883\u800c\u5b9a\u3002<\/del><\/p>\n

\u5b66\u4e60\u793e\u533a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u5145\u5206\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u201c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u8003\u8651\u83b7\u5f97\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u5fc5\u987b\u4eba\u4e3a\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u6559\u80b2\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u4f1a\u95ee\u4f60\u4eca\u5929\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u60f3\uff0c\u4f60\u5728\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u5386<\/p>\n

\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e3a\u5176\u9884\u5907\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u8981\u8d5e\u540c\u5b83\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u52aa\u529b\u770b\u5230\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u672c\u76f8\uff0c\u505a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u5c48\u4ece\u3002Woodrow Wilson<\/p>\n

\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\u8fd8\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u53e6\u5916\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5b83\u5e94\u8be5\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u9f13\u52b1\u521b\u9020\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f00\u53d1\u5b66\u4e60\u5982\u4f55\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u62e5\u6709\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u529b\u4e00\u76f4\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u751f\u6d3b
\n\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684……\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5851\u9020\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5168\u65b0\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u524d\u4eba\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e4b\u4eba\uff1b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5851\u9020\u5177\u6709\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u64c5\u957f\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5851\u9020\u5177\u6709\u6279\u5224\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u5b9e\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u76d8\u63a5\u53d7\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002Jean Piaget<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u9000\u800c\u4e0d\u201c\u4f11\u201d
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Turning Learning Right Side Up, Putting Education Back … \u9605\u8bfb\u66f4\u591a<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[256,251,255],"class_list":["post-9784","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-collect","tag-book","tag-edu","tag-think"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9784","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9784"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9784\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9784"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qiusir.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}